Cook penne pasta in salted boiling water according to package instructions until al dente; drain and reserve some pasta water.
Season chicken slices with salt, pepper, and garlic powder.
Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat and cook chicken until golden and fully cooked, about 5 to 7 minutes; remove and set aside.
In the same skillet, melt butter over medium heat; add minced garlic and sauté for 30 seconds until fragrant.
Add mushrooms and cook for 3 to 4 minutes until softened and lightly browned.
Stir in asparagus and cook for 2 to 3 minutes until tender-crisp.
Pour in chicken broth and heavy cream, add Italian seasoning, and simmer gently.
Stir in Parmesan cheese until the sauce thickens and is smooth.
Return cooked chicken to the skillet along with the cooked penne; toss to coat evenly, adding reserved pasta water if needed to loosen sauce.
Adjust seasoning with salt and pepper to taste; serve hot garnished with extra Parmesan and fresh herbs if desired.